MARYLAND
Maryland was one of four of the original 13 English colonies that was specifically chartered for religious freedom, as a refuge from religious persecution. Lord Baltimore George Calvert was secretary of state for King James I and converted to Catholicism in 1625. He resigned upon succession by the son Charles I rather than swear allegiance to the Anglican Church of England. However, Charles I repaid the Calverts for loyal service, and granted Lord Baltimore a proprietary charter for Catholics. When the first Lord Baltimore George Calvert died on April 15, 1632, the Charter was granted to his son Cecil Calvert, the Second Lord Baltimore, on June 20, 1632 to land from the south bank of the Potomac River north to the 40th Parallel. The Calverts wanted a refuge for Catholics but also believed in religious toleration for all Christians. King Charles, in the Charter written in Latin, titled the colony Terra Mariae, or Maryland, but did not specify for whom the Territory was named. ^1-3

With Catholics and Protestants aboard, Leonard Calvert, Cecil's younger brother, sailed 123 days on the Ark and the Dove and crossed the Atlantic; after sailing through the Chesapeake Bay and into the Potomac River, they landed on St. Clement's island on March 25, 1634, the feast of the Annunciation. They put up a cross there in honor of our Saviour Jesus Christ. The same day the Catholics gathered on shore for a Mass celebrated by one of the three Jesuit priests aboard, Father Andrew White SJ - the first Roman Catholic Mass in the thirteen English-speaking colonies. To this day March 25 is celebrated as Maryland Day by the State of Maryland. ^1-4
The seafarers then headed 17 miles downstream on the Potomac River and traveled up an inlet and landed at a village of the Yaocamico Indians. Leonard Calvert purchased the village and adjacent land from the Indians on March 27, 1634, and this became St. Mary's City. St. Mary's County was founded in 1637. The settlers named the City, the County, and the Territory in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a tradition that has been preserved among Maryland Catholics. It certainly helped that the beloved wife of Charles l was the devout Catholic Henrietta Maria. Leonard Calvert was the first governor of the Maryland Colony and lived in St. Mary's City, the County Seat. St. Mary's City became the first capital of Maryland and remained so until 1695. ^1-5

The seventeenth century was a time of religious wars throughout Europe. England was no exception, which accounted for the various sects seeking religious freedom in the American colonies. The colonial history of Maryland was intertwined with events in England. King Charles I (1625-1649) was the second Stuart King, and followed his father King James l (who commissioned the King James Bible of 1611). King Charles married Henrietta Maria, the Catholic Princess of France in 1625. The Princess was named after her father King Henry lV of France and was known and signed her letters in France as Henrietta. One of the great love stories in English history, the two became truly devoted to each other, and Charles increasingly looked to Henrietta for advice and support. Seven of their children reached adulthood - the oldest became King Charles II (1660-1685) following the Restoration of 1660, and the third became King James ll (1685-1688), who lost the crown during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. ^6-10
Protestant England was distressed with the Royal Family, because of the King's benevolence to Catholics, and because the Queen took the royal children and her courtiers to Mass at her private chapel, and maintained her Catholic ties with the Pope and France. The struggle between the Monarchy and Parliament came to a head with King Charles l. While he did sign the Petition of Right in 1628, he also dissolved Parliament three times! King Charles was a staunch Anglican, and truly became a martyr of the Anglican Church of England. When the King and William Laud, his Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to establish the Anglican Book of Common Prayer with the Scottish Presbyterian Church, Scotland rose up in rebellion against the King, and his relationship with Parliament worsened. English Civil War broke out in 1642, and Queen Henrietta left England to raise money for the war to support her husband. Parliament eventually won, led by the Puritan Oliver Cromwell and the extreme Puritans known as the Independents. King Charles was beheaded January 30, 1649. The state of North Carolina was named after King Charles l (Carolus in Latin), and Cape Henrietta Maria, at the juncture of the Hudson and James Bays in Northern Ontario, Canada, was named after the Queen. ^6-10
Leonard Calvert and the Catholics had a difficult time in Maryland from the very beginning, as religious tension in England spilled over to the American colonies. Maryland Catholics were outnumbered and conflict increased between Catholics and Protestants, especially after the Puritans, at the invitation of the Calverts, settled in Providence (now Annapolis) in 1648. To prevent strife, Cecil Calvert and the Maryland General Assembly formalized his original intent and passed the historic Toleration Act on April 21, 1649, a law to provide religious harmony among Christians. An Act Concerning Religion, which became known as The Toleration Act of Maryland, proved to be a compromise between Catholics and Protestants for toleration of all Christian religions. ^{1-4, 7-11}
Both Catholics and the Toleration Act of Maryland continued to suffer a rocky road throughout the colonial history of Maryland, especially after the Glorious Revolution of England in 1688, when the Catholic King James II was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. The Toleration Act of Maryland was repealed in 1692. The Capital of Maryland was even moved in 1695 from St. Mary's City to Annapolis, which had grown wealthy through the slave trade. Subsequently, Catholics in Maryland were not allowed to vote or hold public office, and at times, not even allowed to openly practice their faith! Actually no colony, including Maryland, allowed Catholics to vote or hold public office, or even to worship openly, until Catholics in Baltimore, Maryland asserted themselves and founded St. Peter's Catholic Church in 1770. Jesuit missionaries in particular, who had converted both Indians and Protestants alike, suffered persecution. However, Catholics maintained a presence through it all. Several Catholic families seeking religious freedom left St. Mary's County and traveled northwest in 1728 to what is now Emmitsburg in Frederick County, Maryland. They named the mountain there St. Mary's and the valley St. Joseph's Valley. ^{1-4, 7-12}



Marylanders became united because of British oppression after the Seven Years War (1756-1763).
The Maryland regulars performed bravely during the Revolutionary War. Their finest hour occurred at Brooklyn on Long Island, New York, when George Washington and the Continental Army were overwhelmed by the British. Washington knew he had to retreat and escape with his army to Manhattan on August 29, 1776. It was felt the hand of Providence aided their effort. Five British warships were unable to sail upriver and block the Army's escape because of a shift in winds. A daring overnight escape over the East River was not enough to evacuate all the troops, but a thick morning fog rolled in and covered the boats. 250 Marylanders attacked General Cornwallis and the British redcoats to cover the retreat, risking capture or death. George Washington exclaimed, "Good God, what brave fellows I must lose this day." He named the Maryland troops The Old Line, the name by which our state is still known - The Old Line State. ^{2, 3, 11-12}
Charles Carroll migrated to Maryland in 1688 and became the Attorney General of Maryland. Three of his grandsons made important contributions to the formation of our young Nation. Charles Carroll of Carrollton was a strong advocate for American Independence and was elected in 1776 to represent Maryland at the Continental Congress; he was the only Catholic signer of the U. S. Declaration of Independence. His cousin Daniel Carroll signed the Articles of Confederation for Maryland on March 1, 1781, and also attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and was a signer of the Constitution of the United States on September 17, 1787. Maryland became the seventh State of the Union when it ratified the U. S. Constitution on April 28, 1788. Daniel Carroll also was appointed by George Washington as one of three surveyors for the District of Columbia, and donated a farm as the site for the building of our Capital, Washington, D. C. And John Carroll, Daniel's brother, became the first American Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Baltimore in 1789, a diocese which included the entire United States. Bishop Carroll founded Georgetown College in 1791. In 1806, he laid the cornerstone for the first American Cathedral, the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore. During his tenure as Archbishop, Elizabeth Ann Seton opened the first Catholic school in Baltimore and Father John Dubois founded Mount St. Mary's College and Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland, both in 1808. Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first American Saint, also founded the Sisters of Charity at St. Joseph's Valley in Emmitsburg in 1809. ^{2-4, 11}
The War of 1812 against Britain was spurred on by the expansionist War Hawks of Congress, in response to the British Orders in Council of 1806, an embargo which crippled the American economy, and the British support of Tecumseh and the Indian Confederation. The War was a difficult one for the Americans, especially the British invasion via the Chesapeake Bay in 1814. The British arrived in Washington, D. C. on August 24, 1814. President James Madison rode to the front of the resistance, and wrote his wife Dolley Madison to flee the city. Fortunately our Freedom Documents and other valuables were saved during the evacuation. The British burned the Executive Mansion, the Capitol Building, and the Library of Congress. They then sailed back up the Chesapeake Bay to Baltimore and attacked Fort McHenry on September 13, 1814. Following the 25-hour British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key was so moved to see the American Flag still flying at dawn of September 14 that he wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. The War effectively ended at the Battle of New Orleans, won by Andrew Jackson on January 8, 1815. ^{2-3, 11-14}

THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER
Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thru the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?

Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream:
Tis the star-spangled banner: O, long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O, thus be it ever when freemen shall stand,
Between their loved home and the war's desolation!
Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause. it is just,
And this be our motto: "In God is our trust"
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
September 14, 1814

THE CIVIL WAR
One of the major battles of the Civil War was fought in Maryland by the City of Sharpsburg in Washington County at Antietam Creek by General Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia for the South and General George McClellan and his Army of the Potomac for the North on September 16-17, 1862.

The Civil War was painful for Marylanders to begin with, as Maryland was a slave-holding border state. While the State formally was part of the Union, the people of Maryland were divided in their loyalty, as Baltimore, the Eastern Shore and southern Maryland were more supportive of the Confederacy, while the northern counties adjacent to Pennsylvania were supportive of the Union.

This was the first major Battle on Union soil and could have been a great success for the Confederacy. So far, all the battles had been fought on Southern soil. Besides relieving the stress of the war being fought in the South, a defeat for the North in their own territory would deliver a psychological blow to the Union and tip the balance of the war in favor of the South. Lee reasoned that a win in the North would have brought the Confederacy diplomatic recognition and eventual aid from Europe.

As fortune would have it, Lee's battle plan was lost by a Confederate soldier and fell into the hands of the Northern Army. With such an advance warning, it could have been a decisive win for the North except for two reasons: Lee learned of the breach of security in time to regroup, and McClellan delayed in taking the offensive, giving Lee time to add forces.

September 17, 1862 was the bloodiest day in American history.

The Battle took place in the constricted area between the Potomac River, and its tributary, Antietam Creek. The Battle raged in the Cornfield, near Dunker Church, the Sunken Road, and at Burnside Bridge. Lee's 41,000 troops met McClellan's 87,000 troops, and the battle left over 23,000 dead, over 12,000 Northerners and nearly 11,000 Southerners. To this day, the Battle of Sharpsburg, as it is known in the South, or the Battle of Antietam, as it is called in the North, remains a tragic example of the futility of war.

Lee withdrew over the Potomac and headed back to Virginia, but McClellan did not pursue. McClellan declared the Battle a victory for the North, and 5 days later, President Lincoln released the Emancipation Proclamation, in which, as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in states that were in rebellion would be declared legally free. The Proclamation changed the moral atmosphere of the War, for, while the surface issue had been one of state rights, the true issue emerged - slavery. ^{11, 14-16}

EPILOGUE
Maryland has fluorished through the years. The Maryland Act of Toleration is significant as the first law towards the establishment of religious freedom in the history of our nation, and historians consider the Act the historical prelude to the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. In fact, the guarantee of religious freedom in the first Amendment of the U. S. Bill of Rights uses the same phrase as the Act: free exercise thereof. And The Star-Spangled Banner written in Baltimore served as the military Anthem until it was officially signed into law as the National Anthem of the United States of America on March 3, 1931. ¹⁷


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REFERENCES
1 Treacy, WP. Old Catholic Maryland and Early Jesuit Missionaries. Bibliolife, Charleston, South Carolina, 1889, 2009.
2 Morison, Samuel Eliot. Oxford History of the American People. Oxford University Press, New York, p 80, 1965.
3 Bennett, William J. America - The Last Best Hope. Thomas Nelson, Nashville, Volume l, page 43, 87-88, 2006; Volume ll, 2007.
4 Alvarez R. First and Forever - The Archdiocese of Baltimore. Editions du Signe, Strasbourg, France, 2006.
5 Personal Communication, St. Mary's County Government, St. Mary's County, Maryland, 2009.
6 Morrill J (ed). Oxford History of Tudor and Stuart Britain. Oxford University Press, New York, 1996.
7 Spielvogel JJ. Western Civilization, Sixth Combined Edition, Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, California, 2006.
8 Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, including her private correspondence with Charles l, compiled by Mary Anne Everett Green, London, 1857.
9 Letters of King Charles l in 1646 to Henrietta Maria. Camden Society, 1856.
10 Plowden A. Henrietta Maria, Charles l's Indomitable Queen. Sutton Publishing, Gloucestershire, England, 2001.
11 Marck JT. Maryland The Seventh State, A History. Fourth Edition, Creative Impressions, Glen Arm, Maryland, 1998.
12 McCullough, D. 1776 - The Illustrated Edition. Simon & Schuster, New York, page 161 and following, 2007.
13 Berkin C, Miller CL, Cherny RW, Gormly JL. Making America. Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2007.
14 Foote S. The Civil War - A Narrative. Volume 2 of 3: Fredericksburg to Meridian, Vintage Random House, New York, 1958, 1986.
15 Keegan J. The American Civil War. AA Knopf, New York, 165-170, 2009.
16 Catton B. The Civil War. American Heritage, New York, 1960, 1988.
17 Noonan JT. The Lustre of Our Country, The American Experience of Religious Freedom. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1998.